The Financial Action Task Force of South America Against Money Laundering (GAFISUD) conducted a mutual evaluation of Chile's Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) regime against the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 40+9 recommendations and special recommendations. GAFISUD published its findings in a 2006 report, in which it concludes that Chile is compliant with 8 recommendations and special recommendations; largely compliant with 15; partially compliant with 19 and; non-compliant with 7. The mutual evaluation notes that the overall AML/CFT framework in Chile achieves a relatively high degree of compliance with most of the FATF's recommendations and special recommendations. Nevertheless, there are some areas where Chile's AML/CFT regime could be enhanced. The GAFISUD mutual evaluation and a 2008 U.S. Department of State (DoS) report cite strict banking secrecy laws as a notable weakness in Chile's AML/CFT regime, as they seriously limit the ability of Chilean authorities to identify and investigate potential money laundering cases. Nevertheless, as of March 2008, a committee in Chile's House of Representatives is contemplating a draft law to ensure the Chilean financial intelligence unit (FIU) and prosecutors have easier access to bank and tax records. However, the U.S. DoS report notes that the law's passage is unlikely unless the president grants it urgent status. The mutual evaluation rates Chile as non-compliant with most FATF recommendations pertaining to Designated Non-Financial Business and Professions (DNFBPs) and according to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, DNFBPs are not under the supervision of any regulatory body for compliance with AML/CTF standards. Furthermore, the report states that the lack of a definition of "suspicious activity" for non-bank and non-financial institutions is a key deficiency in Chile's AML/CTF regime. Money laundering is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 19.366 of 1995, Law No. 19.913 of 2003, and Law No. 20.119 of 2006. Terrorist financing is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 18.314 of 1984 modified in 2003 by Law No. 19.906 and according to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, Law No. 19.906 improves upon Law No. 18.314 by making Chile's terrorist financing laws consistent with the provisions of the United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
General Overview
According to the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) 2005 Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) - FATF Recommendations for Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, Chile has moved to set in place an integrated legal and institutional framework to comprehensively address Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) matters. The Financial Action Task Force of South America Against Money Laundering (GAFISUD) conducted a mutual evaluation of Chile's Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) regime against the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 40+9 recommendations and special recommendations. GAFISUD published its findings in a 2006 report, in which it concludes that Chile is compliant with 8 recommendations and special recommendations; largely compliant with 15; partially compliant with 19 and; non-compliant with 7.
Money laundering is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 19.366 of 1995, Law No. 19.913 of 2003, and Law No. 20.119 of 2006. Under Law No. 19.913, predicate offenses for money laundering include narcotics trafficking, terrorism, and terrorist financing. According to the 2008 U.S. Department of State (DoS) report, Law No. 20.119 gives Chile's financial intelligence unit (UAF) the authority to impose sanctions on obligated entities for non-compliance with requirements designed to ensure a sound AML/CTF regime in Chile. Terrorist financing is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 18.314 of 1984 modified in 2003 by Law No. 19.906, which defines terrorist financing as separate from the actual perpetration of a terrorist crime. According to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, Law No. 19.906 improves upon Law No. 18.314 by making Chile's terrorist financing laws consistent with the provisions of the United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
The 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that Law No. 19.913 only provides prosecutors with the ability to freeze assets tied to drug trafficking. Therefore, Chile has no laws or regulations in place to freeze assets under any other circumstances, including assets belonging to individuals and institutions designated by the UN Security Council Resolution No. 1267. Furthermore, the freezing and confiscation measures under Law No. 19.913 do not currently apply to terrorist financing. Nevertheless, the U.S. DoS report states that, as of March 2008, a committee in Chile's House of Representatives is contemplating a draft law to permit the freezing of assets linked to suspected terrorist financing. The proposed law, whose primary goal is to soften Chile's bank secrecy laws, would also permit Chilean authorities to share seized assets with other countries. However, the U.S. DoS report notes that the law's passage is unlikely unless the president grants it urgent status.
According to the 2005 IMF ROSC, Law No. 19.913 created Chile's financial intelligence unit (UAF) as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Finance in 2004. Law No. 19.913 also requires financial institutions in general (i.e. banks and financial leasing companies) and some non-financial institutions (i.e. casinos and real estate brokers) to file suspicious transaction reports (STRs) with the UAF. The 2008 U.S. DoS report states that the UAF received 1,839 cash transaction reports (CTRs) and 301 STRs in 2007 through September. Of these, the UAF referred seven cases to the Public Ministry. According to the 2005 IMF ROSC, Chile has created specific investigation agencies to handle money laundering and terrorist financing within the Public Ministry (i.e. the Unit for Money Laundering and Economic Crimes), the Chilean Investigative Police, the Carabineers of Chile, and the Superintendency of Banks and Financial Institutions, all of which also cooperate on money laundering cases. The GAFISUD mutual evaluation and the U.S. DoS report cite strict banking secrecy laws as a notable weakness in Chile's AML/CFT regime, as they seriously limit the ability of Chilean authorities to identify and investigate potential money laundering cases. Specifically, Article 154 of the General Banking Act of 1986 and Law No. 707 of 1982 restrict access to banking information and require banks to go through a lengthy court authorization process before releasing any private information to the Chilean law enforcement. Nevertheless, the draft law being contemplated by Chile's House of Representatives will ensure that the UAF and prosecutors have easier access to bank and tax records.
Pertaining to STRs, the 2008 U.S. DoS report points out that, in addition to criminalizing money laundering, the Law No. 19.913 requires bank and financial institutions to report STRs to the UAF. According to the U.S. DoS report, non-bank financial institutions (i.e. money exchange houses and cash couriers) are not under the supervision of any regulatory body for compliance with AML/CTF standards. Furthermore, the report states that "the lack of a definition of "suspicious activity" for non-bank and non-financial institutions continue to be identified as deficiencies in [Chile's] AML/CTF regime" (U.S. DoS 2008). Therefore, each institution independently defines what constitutes suspicious transactions, which complicates the STR process for Designated Non-Financial Business and Professions (DNFBPs).
The 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that Chile is party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention, the UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the UN Convention against Corruption, and the Inter-American Convention on Terrorism. Chile is also a member of GAFISUD, and UAF is a member of the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligent Units.
The Principles
1. Legal Systems and Related Institutional Measures
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation finds Chile largely compliant with Recommendation (R) 1 regarding the money laundering offence and partially compliant with R 2 on its mental element and corporate liability. Money laundering is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 19.366 of 1995, Law No. 19.913 of 2003, and Law No. 20.119 of 2006. Under Law No. 19.913, predicate offenses for money laundering include narcotics trafficking, terrorism, and terrorist financing. In addition, Law No. 19.913 created Chile's financial intelligence unit, the UAF. According to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, Law No. 20.119 gives the Chile's UAF the authority to impose sanctions on obligated entities for non-compliance with requirements designed to ensure a sound AML/CTF regime in Chile. Money laundering is punished by five years and one day to 15 years of imprisonment, and by fines of 200-1000 Monthly Tax Units. The 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that "most money laundering thus far discovered [in Chile] is tied to drug dealing," and that "detection methods, particularly when not tied to drug trafficking, is still weak."
Chile is largely compliant with Special Recommendation (SR) II on the criminalization of terrorist financing as noted in the 2006 GAFISUD report. Terrorist financing is criminalized pursuant to Law No. 18.314 of 1984 modified in 2003 by Law No. 19.906, which defines terrorist financing as separate from the actual perpetration of a terrorist crime. According to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, Law No. 19.906 improves upon Law No. 18.314 by making Chile's terrorist financing laws consistent with the provisions of the United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Under Law No. 19.906, prison terms for terrorism financing crimes range from five to ten years.
Concerning confiscation, freezing and seizing of proceeds of crime (R 3), the GAFISUD mutual evaluation rates Chile as largely compliant. However, the 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that the freezing and confiscation measures under Law No. 19.913 only provide prosecutors with the ability to freeze assets tied to drug trafficking. Therefore, Chile has no laws or regulations in place to freeze assets under any other circumstances, including assets belonging to individuals and institutions designated by UN Security Council Resolution No. 1267. Under Law No. 19.913, the Ministry of National Property oversees the confiscation and forfeiture of assets, which totaled $2 million in 2007.
With regards to SR III relating to the freezing of terrorist financing-related assets, the 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation rates Chile as non-complaint, noting that Chile's freezing and forfeiture Law No. 19.913 does not currently apply to terrorist financing. Nevertheless, the U.S. DoS report states that, as of March 2008, a committee in Chile's House of Representatives is contemplating a draft law to permit the freezing of assets linked to suspected terrorist financing. The proposed law, whose primary goal is to soften Chile's bank secrecy laws, would also permit Chilean authorities to share seized assets with other countries. However, the U.S. DoS report notes that the law's passage is unlikely unless the president grants it urgent status.
In terms of the financial intelligence unit (FIU) and its functions, the GAFISUD report classifies Chile as largely compliant on R 26; largely compliant on R 30 about resources, integrity and training; and partially compliant with R 32 on statistics keeping. According to the 2005 IMF ROSC, Law No. 19.913 created Chile's financial intelligence unit, the UAF, as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Finance in 2004. Law No. 19.913 also requires financial institutions in general (i.e. banks and financial leasing companies) and some non-financial institutions (i.e. casinos and real estate brokers) to file STRs with the UAF. The UAF's primary responsibility is to collect, analyze and disseminate all STRs submitted by entities subject to Law No. 19.913 to Chile's Public Ministry (the public prosecutor's office), which is subsequently responsible for investigating all cases and prosecuting suspects. The 2008 U.S. DoS report states that the UAF received 1,839 cash transaction reports and 301 STRs in 2007 through September. Of these, the UAF referred seven cases to the Public Ministry. The 2008 U.S. DoS report cites as a primary weaknesses in the UAF's mandate its inability to access banking and tax information protected by Chile's strict banking secrecy laws. Article 154 of the General Banking Act and Law No. 707 restrict access to banking information and requires banks to go through a lengthy court authorization process before releasing any private information to the UAF. Nevertheless, the draft law being contemplated by the Chile's House of Representatives will ensure that the UAF and prosecutors have easier access to bank and tax records. The proposed law would also permit the freezing of assets linked to suspected terrorist financing.
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation observes that Chile is compliant with R 27 on law enforcement authorities; compliant with R 28 on the powers of competent authorities; largely compliant on resources, integrity and training (R 30); and partially complaint on statistics (R 32). According to the 2005 IMF ROSC, Chile has created specific investigation agencies to handle money laundering and terrorist financing within the Public Ministry (i.e. the Unit for Money Laundering and Economic Crimes), the Chilean Investigative Police, the Carabineers of Chile and the Superintendency of Banks and Financial Institutions, all of which also cooperate on money laundering cases. The 2008 U.S. DoS report highlights several weaknesses in Chile's law enforcement regime, notably that "Chilean law prohibits the UAF from giving information directly to law enforcement," adding that "bank secrecy is the most often identified obstacle to money laundering investigations identified by the police and prosecutors" (U.S. DoS 2008). Article 154 of the General Banking Act and Law No. 707 restrict access to banking information and permit banks to deny prosecutors and investigators information unless they can produce a judicial order, a process that takes at least a month (but usually longer). This information access time-lag is particularly problematic since by law the Public Ministry has only two years to complete an investigation and prosecution. Nevertheless, the 2008 U.S. DoS report states that the draft law being contemplated by the Chile's House of Representatives will ensure that prosecutors and investigators have easier access to bank and tax records.
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation finds Chile partially compliant with R 5 relating to customer due diligence (CDD) and partially compliant on R 6 concerning politically exposed persons. On correspondent banking (R 7), Chile is compliant, and on new technologies and non face-to-face business (R 8), Chile is rated as compliant. The GAFISUD report highlights some key deficiencies with Chile's CDD regime. For example: (1) low level of compliance with CDD requirements by non-banking financial institutions; (2) lack of regulation over the actions of foreign trust funds; and (3) the non-existence of controls with respect to associations, foundations and corporations regarding AML /CFT. According to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, Chile's money laundering legal regime (i.e. Law No. 19.913) requires banks to comply with strict "know-your-customer" standards and other money laundering controls for checking accounts. However, the report also notes that these "know-your-customer" standards do not apply to saving accounts. Furthermore, only a restricted number of banks apply these standards and controls to non-current accounts.
The GAFISUD mutual evaluation rates Chile as largely compliant with R 10 on record keeping, and partially compliant with SR VII on wire transfer rules. The IMF ROSC notes that Law No. 19.913 requires reporting parties to "keep records for at least five years, and to notify the FIU, on request, of all cash operations in amounts above a given threshold" (p. 6). Additionally, under Law No. 19.913, reporting parties are required to keep updated background information on their clients for the duration of their business relationship. Furthermore, the General Banking Act requires institutions to maintain account books, forms, correspondence, documents and other paperwork for six years.
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation rated Chile largely compliant with R 13 relating to suspicious transaction reporting and compliant with R 14 about protection and no tipping-off. Pertaining to suspicious transaction reports, the 2008 U.S. DoS report points out that, in addition to criminalizing money laundering, the Law No. 19.913 requires bank and financial institutions to file suspicious transaction reports to the UAF. The 2008 U.S. DoS report states that the UAF received 1,839 cash transaction reports and 301 STRs in 2007 through September. Of these, the UAF referred seven cases to the Public Ministry, which then investigates and prosecutes all cases. Nevertheless, the U.S. DoS report notes several weaknesses in Chile's STR regime. For example, the UAF has complained about the quality of STRs, while the reporting parties have filed complaints lamenting the lack of training received from the UAF about how to improve STR quality. According to the U.S. DoS report, "bank secrecy is the most often identified obstacle to money laundering investigations identified by the police and prosecutors," due to the UAF's inability to access banking and tax information protected by Chile's strict banking secrecy when investigating STRs. Article 154 of the General Banking Act and Law No. 707 restrict access to banking information and require banks to go through a lengthy court authorization process before releasing any private information to the UAF. Nevertheless, the 2008 U.S. DoS report states that, as of March 2008, a committee in Chile's House of Representatives is contemplating a draft law to ensure the UAF and prosecutors have easier access to bank and tax records. However, the U.S. DoS report notes that the law's passage is unlikely unless the president grants it urgent status.
On R 19 regarding other forms of reporting, the mutual evaluation rates Chile as compliant, and Chile is given a partially compliant rating with R 25 on guidelines and feedback. The evaluation also rates Chile as non-compliant with SR IV relating to suspicious transactions reporting linked with terrorism. The GAFISUD mutual evaluation attributed the SR IV assessment to the fact that the UAF does not have the legal capacity to receive, analyze or disemminate STRs related to the financing of terrorism.
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation finds Chile partially compliant with R 15 relating to internal controls, compliance and audit. According to the mutual evaluation, internal controls, compliance, and audits are only conducted by organizations overseen by the Superintendence of Banks and Financial Institutions (SBIF) and the Superintendency of Securities and Insurance (SVS). On R 22 addressing foreign branches and subsidiaries, Chile is rated as partially compliant. Once again, the GAFISUD report notes that only organizations controlled by the SBIF comply with R 22 requirements.
According to the 2006 GAFISUD report, Chile is partially compliant with R 17 regarding sanctions and R 23 relating to regulation, supervision and monitoring. On R 29 about supervisors, Chile is also rated partially compliant. The mutual evaluation attributes the R 17 rating primarily to the fact that, although the legal framework for sanctions exists in Chile, this only applies to financial organizations overseen by the SBIF and the SVS. The GAFISUD report notes that the requirements set out in R 29 only apply to financial institutions controlled by the SBIF by virtue of the General Banking Act.
3. Preventive Measures - Designated non-Financial Business and Professions
The 2006 GAFISUD found that Chile is non-compliant with R 12 on CDD and record keeping obligations for DNFBPs. According to the 2008 U.S. DoS report, non-bank financial institutions (i.e. money exchange houses and cash couriers) are not under the supervision of any regulatory body for compliance with AML/CTF standards. Furthermore, the report states that "the lack of a definition of "suspicious activity" for non-bank and non-financial institutions continue to be identified as deficiencies in [Chile's] AML/CTF regime." Therefore, each institution independently defines what constitutes suspicious transactions, which complicates the STR process for DNFBPs. Nevertheless, under Law No. 19.913, these institutions must file STRs of transactions up to US$4,999 to the UAF. Furthermore, since May 2007, non-bank financial institutions are required to get contact information and a declaration of origin statement from individuals carrying out transactions of more than US$5,000. Overall, "the lack of supervision, training in the definition of "suspicious activity," and a harmonized system to keep record of daily transactions diminishes useful reporting to the UAF" by DNFBPs (U.S. DoS 2008).
On R 16 about STRs for DNFBPs, Chile is rated as partially compliant. Similarly, concerning R 24 about DNFBP regulation, supervision and monitoring, the 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation rates Chile as non-compliant. Primarily, as with R 12, the 2008 U.S. DoS report attributed this R 16 rating to "the lack of a definition of "suspicious activity" for non-bank and non-financial institutions." Therefore, each institution independently defines what constitutes suspicious transactions, which complicates the STR process for DNFBPs. Nevertheless, under Law No. 19.913, these institutions must file STRs of transactions up to US$4,999 to the UAF. Regarding R 24, the FATF report noted that the authorities have not yet designated a supervisor for the DNFBPs, nor have they arranged additional supervisory capacity and resources that will be required. As such, money exchange houses, cash couriers and other DNFBP's are not monitored for AML.
4. Legal Person and Arrangements & Non-Profit Organizations
The 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation reports that Chile is partially compliant with R 33 relating to legal persons and access to beneficial ownership and control information, due primarily to the deficiency of the control system for charities and non-profit organizations. However, Chile is non-compliant with the FATF's recommendation on legal arrangements and beneficial owners (R 34) because Chile has yet to "implement legal mechanisms to prevent the illicit use of legal structures to commit illicit activities" (GAFISUD 2006, p. 140).
On SR VIII relating to non-profit organizations, the mutual evaluation finds Chile non-compliant. The report attributes this to Chile completely lacking the necessary mechanisms to prevent the use of charities and non-profit organizations to finance terrorism. The 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that Chile does not regulate non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and non-profit organizations. In response to the 2006 GAFISUD mutual evaluation, Chile's Ministry of Finance began negotiations with the Superintendency of Banks and Financial Institutions (SBIF) and the SVS to ascertain the most ideal way to begin monitoring non-profit organizations. As at the release of the U.S. DoS report in March 2008, these negotiations had yet to reach fruition.
The 2006 GAFISUD report finds Chile partially compliant with R 31 on national cooperation and partially compliant with R 32 on statistics. The report attributes the rating assigned to R 31 to the absence in Chile of an adequate coordination framework that permits and promotes national cooperation amongst Chile's AML/CFT actors. The GAFISUD report highlights some key deficiencies with Chile's statistics regime. For example: (1) inconsistencies in data submitted by key government departments (i.e. Defense); (2) the lack of statistics publication by the UAF and; (3) the absence of an adequate coordinating mechanism for the periodic examination of the efficiency of the AML/CFT.
The 2006 mutual evaluation rates Chile as largely compliant with R 35 regarding the ratification of international conventions, and partially compliant with SR I on implementing UN instruments. Most importantly regarding SR I, the GAFISUD report notes that, as of the release date of the report in December 2006, Chile had yet to adopt the regulations and legal framework to fully comply with the obligations of UN Security Council Resolutions Nos. 1267 and 1373. However, the 2008 U.S. DoS report notes that Chile is party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention, the UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the UN Convention against Corruption, and the Inter-American Convention on Terrorism. Chile is also a member of GAFISUD, and the UAF is a member of the Egmont Group of FIUs.
According to the 2006 GAFISUD report, Chile is partially compliant with R 36 concerning Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA), noting that "provisions are available for mutual legal assistance but they are cumbersome [and] timely international cooperation in asset freezing is difficult" (p. 10). The 2005 IMF ROSC observes that Article 7 of the 1988 Vienna Convention governs the processing of international requests for legal cooperation and Article 30 of Law No. 19.366 enables the Public Prosecutor's Office to request and grant them.
Chile is partially compliant with R 37 on dual criminality and largely compliant on R 38 pertaining to MLA on confiscation and freezing as noted in the 2006 GAFISUD report. With regards to SR V on international cooperation, the mutual evaluation rated Chile as largely compliant. According to the IMF ROSC, the principle of dual criminality applies to Chile under Law No. 19.366, "which means it is only possible to extradite for money laundering arising from the offenses covered by Law 19.913" (p. 5). The U.S. DoS report states that, as of March 2008, the UAF has signed memoranda of understanding (MoUs) with the United States' FIU and FIUs of 32 other jurisdictions. The evaluation also adjudged Chile to be largely compliant on R 39 relating to extraditions, adding that Law No. 19.366 permits extradition. Finally, on R 40 pertaining to other forms of international co-operation, Chile is rated compliant.
Financial Action Task Force of South America Against Money Laundering, "Informe de Evaluacion Mutua sobre Lavado de Activos y Financiamiento del Terrorismo [Mutual Evaluation Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism: Chile]," Buenos Aires, Argentina: GAFISUD, December 2006. Available from Financial Action Task Force of South America Against Money Laundering website. Accessed on July 29, 2008. (GAFISUD 2006)
International Monetary Fund, "Chile: Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - FATF Recommendations for Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism," Country Report No. 05/120, Washington, D.C.: IMF, March 2005. Available from International Monetary Fund. Accessed on July 28, 2008. (IMF 2005)
U.S. Department of State, Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, "International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2008," March 2008. Available from U.S. Department of State website. Accessed on July 28, 2008. (U.S. DoS 2008)
Law on Illegal Traffic of Drugs and Psychotropic Substances No. 19.366, 1995 (modified by Law No. 19.806, 2002) - Ley que sanciona el Trafico Ilicito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Sicotropicas No. 19.366, 1995 (modificada por Ley No. 19.806, 2002) (in Spanish only)
Law establishing the Financial Intelligence Unit and amending Several Provisions on Money Laundering No. 19.913, 2003 (modified by Law No. 20.119, 2006) - Ley que crea la Unidad de Analisis Financiero y modifica Diversas Disposiciones en Materia de Lavado y Blanqueo de Activos No. 19.913, 2003 (modificada por la Ley No. 20.119, 2006)
Law on Checking Accounts and Checks No. 707, 1982 (modified by Law No. 20.011, 2005) - Ley sobre Cuentas Corrientes Bancarias y Cheques No. 707, 1982 (modificada por la Ley No. 20.011, 2005) (in Spanish only)
Law on Terrorist Financing No. 18.314, 1984 (modified by Law No. 19.906, 2003) - Ley sobre Conductas Terroristas No. 18.314, 1984 (modificada por la Ley No. 19.906, 2003) (in Spanish only)
Law modifying the Terrorism Financing Law (No 18.314) No. 19.906, 2003 - Ley que modifica la Ley (No. 18.314) sobre Conductas Terroristas No. 19.906, 2003
Law amending Law (No. 19.913) Creating the Financial Inteligence Unit No. 20.119, 2006 - Ley que Modifica la Ley (No. 19.913) que Creó la Unidad de Análisis Financiero No. 20.119, 2006
International Monetary Fund, "Chile: Financial System Stability Assessment, including Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes on the following topics: Monetary and Financial Policy Transparency, Banking Supervision, and Securities Regulation," Country Report No. 04/269, Washington, D.C.: IMF, August 2004. Available from International Monetary Fund. Accessed on July 28, 2008. (IMF 2004)
Chile