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Malaysia

International Standards on Auditing

Summary
According to the 2007 edition of the Malaysian Institute of Accountants' (MIA) Handbook, the MIA, as a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), is committed to converging its national standards with International Standards on Auditing promulgated by the IFAC. The Preface to the Handbook further notes that Malaysia has decided to apply ISAs as the basis for Malaysian Approved Standards on Auditing (MASA). In the event that an ISA contains guidance which is significantly different from Malaysian law or practice, the explanatory foreword to an approved ISA will provide guidance on such differences. The financial statements of all companies incorporated under the Companies Act of 1965 are required to be audited in accordance with MASA issued by the joint working group of the Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the MIA. The Approved Standards on Auditing that are recognized by the Council of the MIA comprise: (1) ISAs, designated as AI; and (2) the Malaysian Standards on Auditing, designated as AM issued by the MIA that cover topics not dealt with in ISAs. Further recommendations concerning guidelines on auditing released by the Council serve as opinions on best current practice and hence form part of the Generally Accepted Auditing Principles in Malaysia.

    General Overview

    The financial statements of all companies incorporated under the Companies Act of 1965, including listed, private, governmental, and not-for-profit, are required to be audited in accordance with Malaysian Approved Standards on Auditing (MASA) jointly issued by the Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA) and the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA). Malaysia, according to the 2007 MIA Handbook, has opted to apply ISAs as the basis for the approved standards on auditing. The approved standards on auditing that are recognized by the Council of the MIA comprise: (1) ISAs, designated as AI; and (2) the Malaysian Standards on Auditing, designated as AM, which cover topics not dealt with in ISAs but nonetheless relevant to Malaysia. Further recommendations concerning guidelines on auditing released by the Council serve as opinions on best current practice and hence form part of the Generally Accepted Auditing Principles.
    Per the 2005 MICPA self-assessment report, the major legislations governing auditing requirements for listed companies in Malaysia are the Securities Industry Act of 1983, Listing Requirement of Bursa Malaysia, Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1989, and the Insurance Act of 1996. Listed entities are required under the Listing Requirements of Bursa Malaysia and the Securities Industry Act to submit their annual audited financial statements and quarterly reports to the Stock Exchange for public release and to the Securities Commission. The bodies that oversee the implementation of auditing standards for listed companies are the Ministry of Finance, the Securities Commission, Bursa Malaysia, and the Central Bank of Malaysia. The same report indicates that the Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1989 as well as the Insurance Act of 1996 impose similar requirements on listed banking and financial institutions, and insurance companies, respectively. Under these acts, the Central Bank of Malaysia can also demand auditors of financial and insurance companies to provide more information on a company's financial reporting. Other entities regulated by the Central Bank must also adhere to MASA and to other regulations issued by the Central Bank.
    According to its website, the MICPA was established in 1958 under the Companies Ordinances of 1940 -1946 with the objective, among other things, to advance the theory and practice of accountancy; recruit and assess a body of skilled members; protect the professional independence of accountants; and maintain high standards of practice and professional conduct by all its members. The 2005 MICPA self-assessment report notes that the MICPA oversees a program of education and training leading to the Certified Public Accountant qualification, develops and issues standards and guidelines on financial reporting, auditing, ethics and other technical areas, and provides technical updates to members. The MIA, per the 2005 MICPA self-assessment report, was established under the Malaysian Accountants Act of 1967 and its functions are prescribed in the Act. The MIA is a statutory body and its functions include determining the qualifications of individuals for admission as members of the body as set out in the Act, and regulating the practice of the accountancy profession. Both the MIA and the MICPA are members of the IFAC.


    The Principles

    ISA 200 Objective and General Principles Governing an Audit of Financial Statements (effective 2006)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment, ISA 200 (in effect as at September 30, 2005) was approved as AI 200 in July 2005. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 200. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved in September 2007 for issuance as an Exposure Draft ISA 200 (Revised and Redrafted).

    ISA 210 Terms of Audit Engagements (effective 2006)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 210 (as issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 210 in October 1997. This standard is mandatory for application for audits starting on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 210. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 210 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 220R Quality Control for Audits of Historical Financial Information (effective 2005)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 220R (in effect as at September 30, 2005) was approved as AI 220 in July 2005. This standard is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 with early application encouraged. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance as ED in September 2007 of ISA 220 (Redrafted).

    ISA 230R Documentation (effective 2006)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 230 (as issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 230 in October 1997. This Standard was mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, ISA 230 Revised was approved in Malaysia in September 2007 effective for periods commencing on or after January 1, 2008.

    ISA 240 The Auditor’s Responsibility to Consider Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 240 (in effect as at September 30, 2005) was approved as AI 240 in July 2005. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after January 1, 2006. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA issued in March 2007 an Exposure Draft ISA 240 as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 250 Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment, ISA 250 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 250 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 250. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance as ED in September 2007 of ISA 250 (Redrafted).

    ISA 260 Communications of Audit Matters With Those Charged With Governance (effective 2004)

    The Council of the MIA, according to the 2007 MIA Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment, approved ISA 260 (issued in June 1999) as AI 260 in November 2001. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after January 1, 2002. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 240, ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 260. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in March 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 260 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project.

    ISA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook, ISA 300 (Revised) was approved as AI 300 in July 2006. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 2006. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA issued in March 2007 an Exposure Draft ISA 300 as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 315 Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook, ISA 315 was approved as AI 315 in July 2005. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after January 1, 2006. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA issued in March 2007 an Exposure Draft ISA 315 as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 320 Audit Materiality (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment, ISA 320 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 320 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 240, ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 320. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in March 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 320 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project.

    ISA 330 The Auditor’s Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks (effective 2006)

    According to the 2007 MIA Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment, ISA 330 (in effect as at September 30, 2005) was approved as AI 330 in September 2005. This standard is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 230 Revised will be effective from January 1, 2008, according to the comparison between MASA ans ISAs prepared by the MIA in 2007. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA issued in March 2007 an Exposure Draft ISA 330 as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project.

    ISA 402 Audit Considerations Relating to Entities Using Service Organizations (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 402 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 402 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 402. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 402 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 500 Audit Evidence (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook, ISA 500 was approved as AI 500 in July 2005. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after January 1, 2006. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 500 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 501 Audit Evidence - Additional Considerations for Specific Items (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 501 (issued in 1994) was approved as AI 501 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits starting on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 501. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 501 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 505 External Confirmations (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 505 (issued in June 2000) was approved as AI 505 in November 2001. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after January 1, 2002. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 505. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 505 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 510 Initial Engagements — Opening Balances (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 510 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 510 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 510. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 510 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 520 Analytical Procedures (effective 2004)

    The Council of the MIA and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , according to the 2007 MIA Handbook, approved ISA 520 (issued in July 1994) as AI 520 in October 1997. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe in respect of audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 520. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 520 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 530 Audit Sampling and Other Selective Testing Procedures (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 530 (issued in July 1999) was approved as AI 530 in March 1999. This Standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after 1 June 1999. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 530. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 530 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 540 Audit of Accounting Estimates (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 540 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 540 in October 1997. This standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 540. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in March 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 540 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 545 Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook, ISA 545 was approved as AI 545 in July 2006. This standard is mandatory for all members to observe for audits starting on or after July 1, 2006. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 545.

    ISA 550 Related Parties (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 550 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 550 in October 1997. This Standard is required to be applied for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 550. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 550 has been adopted in Malaysia. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 550 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 560 Subsequent Events (effective 2006)

    The Council of the MIA, according to the 2007 MIA Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , approved ISA 560 (issued in July 1994) as AI 560 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 560. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 560 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 570 Going Concern (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 570 (issued in July 2000) was approved as AI 570 in November 2001. This Standard is required for application for audits commencing on or after January 1, 2002. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 570. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 570 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 580 Management Representations (effective 2004)

    The Council of the MIA, according to the 2007 MIA Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , approved ISA 580 (issued in July 1994) as AI 580 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 580. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in March 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 580 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 600 Using the Work of Another Auditor (effective)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 600 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 600 in October 1997. This Standard is required for application for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. ISA 600 as issued by the IAASB does not have and effective date.

    ISA 610 Considering the Work of Internal Auditing (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 610 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 610 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 610. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in March 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 610 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 620 Using the Work of an Expert (effective 2005)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 620 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 620 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 620. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 620 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 700 The Auditor’s Report on Financial Statements (effective 2006)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 700 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 700 in September 2003. This Standard was required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after January 1, 2004. According to the 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs prepared by the MIA, ISA 700 Revised was approved in September 2007 effective for periods commencing on July 1, 2008. According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 700 (Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

    ISA 701 Modifications to the Independent Auditor's Report (effective 2006)

    According to a 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs prepared by the MIA, the revised standard was expected to be approved in September 2008.

    ISA 710 Comparatives (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 710 (issued in July 1997) was approved as AI 710 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 710. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 710 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 720 Other Information in Documents Containing Audited Financial Statements (effective 2004)

    As stated in the MIA 2007 Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , ISA 720 (issued in July 1994) was approved as AI 720 in October 1997. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. Conforming amendments resulting from the adoption of ISA 315, ISA 330, and ISA 500 are effective for periods beginning on or after January 1, 2006 and have been incorporated in the text of ISA 720. However, there is no indication that the latest effective version of ISA 720 has been adopted in Malaysia.

    ISA 800 The Auditor’s Report on Special Purpose Audit Engagements (effective 2006)

    The Council of the MIA, according to the 2007 MIA Handbook and the 2006 MICPA self-assessment , approved ISA 800 (issued in 1994) as AI 800 in July 1994. This Standard is required for all members to observe for audits commencing on or after July 1, 1998. According to a 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs prepared by the MIA, ISA 800 effective July 1, 1998 will be replaced by its revised version which is expected to contain conforming amendments resulting from issuance of ISA 700 (Revised ). According to the MIA 2007 comparison between MASA and ISAs, in line with the IASB Clarity Project, the MIA approved for issuance in September 2007 an Exposure Draft of ISA 800 (Revised and Redrafted) as issued by the IAASB under the Clarity Project .

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    Sources of Assessment

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants, "Preface to Approved Standards on Auditing," in MIA Handbook 2007, July 1998. Available from Malaysian Institute of Accountants website. Accessed on July 9, 2008. (MIA 2007)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants, "Response to the IFAC Part 2, SMO Self-Assessment Questionnaire," Self-assessment prepared as a part of the International Federation of Accountants' Member Body Compliance Program, October 2006. Available from International Federation of Accountants' website. Accessed on July 8, 2008. (MIA 2006)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants, "Comparison between Malaysian Approved Standards and IFAC IAASB's Pronouncements," September 2007. Available from Malaysian Institute of Accountants' website. Accessed on July 9, 2008. (MIA 2007)

    Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants, "Response to the IFAC Part 2, SMO Self-Assessment Questionnaire," Self-assessment prepared as a part of the International Federation of Accountants' Member Body Compliance Program, August 2006. Available from International Federation of Accountants' website. Accessed on July 8, 2008. (MICPA 2006)

    Relevant Organizations

    Central Bank of Malaysia - Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)

    Malaysian Accounting Standards Board - Lembaga Piawaian Perakaunan Malaysia (MASB)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA)

    Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants (MICPA)

    Malaysian Securities Commission - Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Malaysia (SC)

    Ministry of Finance - Perbendaharaan Malaysia (MoF)

    Institute of Internal Auditors of Malaysia (IIAM)



    Relevant Legislation/Regulation

    MIA Handbook, 2007

    Malaysian Approved Standards on Auditing (MASA)

    Accountants Act No. 94, 1967 (amended 2004)

    Financial Reporting Act No. 558, 1997 (as amended January 2006)

    Companies Act No. 125, 1965 (last amended 2001)

    Banking and Financial Institutions Act No. 372, 1989

    Insurance Act No. 553, 1996

    Insurance (Amendment) Act, 2005

    Securities Industry Act No. 280, 1983 (as amended January 2004)

    MICPA Code of Professional Conduct and Ethics

    Bursa Malaysia Listing Requirements

    Companies Ordinances, 1940 -1946



    Supplementary Sources

    International Federation of Accountants website. Accessed on July 8, 2008. (IFAC website)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants, "Assessment of the Regulatory and Standard- Setting Framework," Self-assessment prepared as part of the International Federation of Accountants' Member Body Compliance Program, December 2004. Available from International Federation of Accountants website. Accessed on July 9, 2008. (MIA 2004)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants, "MIA Annual Report 2007," 2007. Available from Malaysian Institute of Accountants website. Accessed on July 8, 2008. (MIA 2007)

    Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants, "Assessment of the Regulatory and Standard- Setting Framework," Self-assessment prepared as part of the International Federation of Accountants' Member Body Compliance Program, February 2005. Available from International Federation of Accountants website. Accessed on July 9, 2008. (MICPA 2005)

    Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants website. Accessed on July 31, 2008. (MICPA website)

    Malaysian Institute of Accountants website. Accessed on July 8, 2008. (MIA website)
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